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Writing Systems for Hmong by Bill Ross
As has happened with many other languages without a written script, leaders among the Hmong wanted to create a writing system for their own political or religious agendas for their native followers. In the 20th century, two writing systems emerged for the transcription of the Hmong language. Though two others were in use, the predominant scripts are Pahawh and RPA. This article introduces the reader to both systems.
RPA or Romanized Popular Alphabet.
Before 1953, it was nearly impossible to write the Hmong language. A Chinese-based character set approximated it, and an early Romanization effort had been put forward, but neither system really overcame the inherent challenges in expressing Hmong completely. Then, in Laos during 1951 through 1953, missionaries of different Christian denominations developed the "Romanized Popular Alphabet" or "RPA" for writing Hmong. Today, RPA is used more commonly for writing Hmong than the alternative script, Pahawh, mainly because Pahawh is still hard to typeset. By comparison, the RPA is simple, and yet can write all the sounds of both "White Hmong" and "Green/Blue Hmong."
Romanized writing does use the concepts of consonant and vowel, written in the order of pronunciation, from left to right. The consonants include several nasals (like /n/ and /m/) and combinations (like "ml" and "hn"). There are many plosive consonants, also represented by letter combinations (like "nplh" and "dh"). A third category, affricates, includes combinations like "tx" and "ts"). The letter "L" is the sole liquid, represented by "l" when fully pronounced and by "hl" when suppressed. Fricatives include the labial "f" and "v," the coronal "x," "s," and "z," and the dorsal "y" and "xy. There is also a glottal "h" and a glottal stop, represented as an apostrophe at the beginning of words that omit the initial consonant.
The vowels are represented conventionally, including a "w" sound. Nasals are represented as double letters (like "ee"). Diphthongs are spelled as vowel combinations (like the "au" sound). The pronunciation, of course can vary widely because of changes in tonality. Mid tone is not marked. The other tones appear as letters at the end of the syllable. (The addition of the tone letter at the end of the syllable avoids the use of diacritical marks in RPA Hmong.) The "b" indicates high tone. The "s" indicates low tone. High-falling is "j," mid-rising is "v" and low-falling ("creaky tone") is "m." The mid-low breathy tone is represented as "g." It takes a good bit of practice to read RPA and understand that the final consonant in the word is not to be pronounced phonetically, but rather interpreted to indicate where the vowel tone is.
Pahawh Hmong
Pahawh is a modern script, introduced by Shong Lue Yang in 1959 in Northern Vietnam, near the Laotian border. This illiterate peasant asserted himself to be the son of God and the redeemer of his people. He said the Hmong people had been given the power of writing by God many years earlier, but they had lost it as punishment. Shong said his mission was, among other things, to restore this gift. Over the years, Shong changed the script several times. He was killed by Laotian troops in 1971. His disciple, Chia Koua Vang, carried on Pahawh into later stages of development.
Pahawh is a "semi-syllabic" script. Like Hmong itself, the script goes by several alternative names of which Ntawv Pahawh is the most prevalent. Pahawh is a right-to-left, horizontal language. Each syllable of the language is represented by two letters --an initial consonant sound (or cluster of consonant sounds) represented by one letter called an "onset," and a "rime," which would be a vowel, the "yu" sound, a diphthong, or any of these followed by a final consonant. Even though the onset is pronounced first, followed by the rime, the order in writing is reversed, with the rime first (as it is more important, presumably), followed by the letter representing the initial sound. Thus the rime is the basic unit for specifying a syllable. Diacritical marks are used to indicate tones and some consonant variations.
If the onset is not specified, a "K" (/k/) is presumed. If the rime is not specified, the "V" (/u/ midtone) is presumed. The "V" rime, when it appears alone, is presumed to be pronounced with an initial /k/. Otherwise, the language is pronounced exactly according to the script. Pahawh Hmong uses a non-Latin alphabet.
For onsets, there are twenty letters. The number of possible onset sounds is 60. Thus, each letter can be written as plain, or with a dot over it, or with a "tack" over it (a small, reclining capital "t," with the head of the "tack" to the right). Many of the letters bear some resemblance to Latin letters, while others seem closer to Lao and other South Asian scripts. The rime sounds are only 13 in number, but there are 26 letters for writing them. Because the rimes come in up to 8 tones, each letter can handle 4 tones, with diacritics (none, dot, macron (the bar over the letter) and dieresis (double dots)).
A couple of ideograms are used in Pahawh, mainly for powers of ten, math signs, dates and times of year, and clan signs. Punctuation is mainly western, imported (it is thought) from French via Lao.
The original stage of Pahawh had 57 onsets and 91 rimes. In 1965, Shong abandoned it in favor of Stage Two, though so-called "Source Pahawh" remains as the script for sacred writings. Stage Two is a much more consistent, practical and easily implemented version, though irregularities remain. Stage Three, created in 1970, is further simplified, reduced and more internally consistent and regular. Stage Two, however, probably claims more adherents today (as the "true script") than Stage Three. The typography of Pahawh has increasingly moved closer to more simplified forms, mainly Lao and Latin characters.
Bill Ross writes for Green Crescent Translations, an industry leader. Green Crescent serves clients who must communicate in a foreign language, but have no in-house translator. Mr. Ross is part of Green Crescent’s team of professionals who provide specialized translations in over 100 languages (legal, medical, scientific, financial, marketing, etc.), website localization, and subtitles. Delivered formats include Dreamweaver, InDesign, Publisher, Excel, Word, Power Point, and HTML. To reach him, follow this link to Green Crescent's web site: Hmong Translation and navigate to the contact page.
Article Source: http://www.earticlesonline.com/Article/Writing-Systems-for-Hmong/598110
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